Value Chain And Supply Chain Analysis Commerce Essay

Value Chain And tack on Chain Analysis Commerce raiseThe definition of value range of mountains analysis includes evaluation of melodic line activities which impacts the follows competitory strength. Delivering a intersection point on time is the result of multiple clientele processes working perfectly to micturate a Value Chain that leads a firm greater profit over lives (Dess, Lumpkin, Eisner, 2007). There atomic number 18 twain main value bowed stringed instrument activities in the agreements. The first ace is base activities which could directly add value for the final products, for instance, grocery storeing and sales, operations, dish out and etc. The second cardinal is delay activities which could support the impressive of primary activities, for example, the infrastructure, Human Resources Management, applied science and etc. (Campbell, 2002) All these de bustments work together to bring the confederations profit. In the race for global domination, the components of this value chain deliver to be optimized on a worldwide carapace, at all levels of the corporation worldwide Headquarters, Regional Headquarters, and estate level, as tumesce as within the circumstantial product portfolios, regions, and countries that the companies operate in. (Johnson, 2008)2.1.1 The Value-Chain activities for the industry and FedEx Corporation menu is one of the largest industries in the world, and its sector range is very wide which include taxis, truck, train, ships, barges, airplanes, pipelines, warehouse and logistics dish out. For the industry, the trey main rows were globalization of argument, cultivation technology phylogeny and upstart technology to support process efficient, and the market demand for more than value-added. Hence, the companies in merchant marine and logistics industry depend on the global network of distri andion centres to kick upstairs quick payment cycle and cheaper resources. In FedEx Corporation, as a loss draw firm in the industry, its centralized structures have always required, and facilitated billion buck coronations in IT and established the website from 1994. It countenanced a achieverful technology for the FedEx Corporation as a pioneer in the whole industry for e- tune. This strategy became an profit that they used to undermine their competitors strengths and localized customer service. With a globally affiliated IT network, FedEx was able to leverage their IT advantage to service their incorporated accounts on a global basis, rather than on a country by country basis. With the best HR system in the trade, FedEx in like manner has had an active strategic procurement optimization initiative that has been adopted by the rest of the industry, producing savings in excess of millions of dollars, straight to the bottom line. The most important part of the value chain is found in the senior focussing of these companies. FedEx has had stable, material teams runn ing the critical components of the value chain and the associated departments. (Latinamericanlogistics.org, 2009)For further support activities of infrastructure, in the early years, most companies developed on purchasing space on commercial airlines or contracting their shipment to the third parties. However, FedEx emphasize on creating its own fleet, the strategy could effectively get down the cost of business process, ontogeny the dependability and speed of legal transfer and improve the length of order cycle. Furthermore, for firmness the dit volume ingathering slow down, the FedEx Corporation reorganized in the year of 2000, its five subsidiary companies could operate independently but make out collectively in the industry.2.1.2 The warmheartedness activities for the industry and FedEx Corporation international acid and Logistics pains as the service industry, its core activity of value chain should be the service. The companies should compete on customer segmentatio n, pricing and quality of service. In the industry, USP was the largest beau monde for transportation. Most companies should emphasize on reducing the cost, well-managed logistics operation could effective reduce the length of order cycle and relieve the stress of bills flow. FedEx Corporation was introduced as federal read to the early marketplace. At that time, the company fought to a new logistics regularity, which was overnight delivery. It succeeded and well done enough for their competitors in the market and bring more interesting to the logistics market. The most interesting intimacy is that FedEx provides sporting delivery services which has been named as FedEx Ground. This service provides the delivery day in 2-3 days and within a less expensive cost to all(prenominal) shipper.On the opposite side, FedExs value chain is embedding into Ground, Cargo and other divisions. At first time when company talking some FedEx ground, the companys chair and CEO (Frederick, 20 08) indicated that the decision to split Ground apart was to Broaden and escalate FedExs product line, in order to take advantage of customer focus, and the scale of the market. In the package business of FedEx Ground, it includes low value products which dont need to be at final destination because of the short package time of FedEx Express. smith (2006) announced the model is taken from 3M Company, which has 250 separate operating companies, each of which is pore on a peculiar(prenominal) market segment. According the phase 1, FedEx had specific intentions and strategies in every Value-chain activities.Figure 2 FedEx value chain activities(Source http//www.fedex.com/us/about/today/mission)2.2 Supply Chain Management AnalysisSupply Chain Management is the monitor and management of materials, tuition, and finances, as those elements move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer (SearchManufacturing.com, 2007). For running the full range of products and services, companies rely on SCM expedient procedures and techniques to move goods. I.e. FedEx look for the fast delivery within the less expensive cost. FedEx is in the business of providing businesses the ability to manage their give chains.In the Global cargo ships and Logistics sedulousness, the nervous strainat of supply-chain should be from supplier, inbound, manufacturing, order management to the outbound. For the whole process, the companies should have effective management on inventory management, warehouse management, the purchasing process, the product distribution, transportation and the customer service. (Lynch, 2006) In FedEx Corporation, it has advanced management system in each process. The figure 2 shows that the antithetical management system utilization in FedExs supply chain management. For instance, the node Oriented Service and Management Operating body is one of funny system in FedEx Corporation which could integrate the information of goods shipping and the information about the mode of transportation. Besides, the Global Resources for Information dispersal which launched in 1998 could improve the quality and quantity of their delivery. Furthermore, its Global Inventory profile System, Inventory Management System, exile Management System Enterprise Resources Planning, Customer Clearance System are all forceful supporting for every timbres in the supply-chain management.Figure 2, FedEx solution in the supply chain process. (Source Case study of FedEx)In one word of honor, FedEx Corporation could always snapshot the demand and changing needs quickly and effectively in the industry, their attracter strategies in value-chain activities and supply-chain management could perfectly support the company to achieve its core value and take the leadership position in the Global Transportation and Logistics fabrication.3. amalgamations and Acquisitions in Global Transportation and Logistics Industry and FedEx Corpora tionMergers and Acquisitions (MA) refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealings with the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create some other business entity. (Lynch, 2006) A merger make the luckholders of the governments come together to share the resources for enlarging the organization and the all the old shareholders in the merger will break down the shareholders in the new organization. (Campbell, 2002) But the acquisition is one organization buying and subsuming the unequal partners. The shares in the smaller company will be bought by the large one. (Ansoff, 1988) With the development of human society, economic globalization is increasingly class that MA between companies has become a common thing, but a deal is not as simple as writing the word and its connotation of far beyond the superficial meaning, and thus a cleanse understanding of mergers and acquisitions are particularly important.3.1 The MA in the industry and evaluationApparently, it has both benefits and limitations for MA in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry. From the insure of advantages, firstly, the MA could affix the market share in the whole industry. I.e. the DHL acquired Airborne Express to annex its market share in ground delivery market. (Lyne, 2003) Secondly, it could reduce the rival in the market. Thirdly, it could infer preferential access for the distribution channels. For instance, FedEx acquired the UK picture company called ANC for improve the distribution channels in the UK. (Business Wire, 2006) Moreover, MA may help the company develop the new products or exploit product ranges for searching more opportunities in the market of Global Transportation and Logistics Industry, this method will be much quicker than the organization to launch it from the reservoir step. Besides, the MA could he lp the company to gain new production and information technology for reducing the cost, improve the quality and differentiation of their products. For example, FedEx acquired gauge Systems in 1998. Moreover, the company could entre in a new market by MA. For instances, Amazon.com purchase the joyo.com in China for the Chinese distribution market. (uk.reuters.com, 2004) Additionally, the MA in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry may enhance the awareness and reputation in the market, especially for the company may under the alleged misdemeanour. Last but not least, the MA could support the companies in Global Transportation and Logistics Industry to achieve asset strip which means break up an acquired company and recovering more than the price paid by selling the part separately. (Campbell, 2002)On the other side, the MA in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry to a fault have limitations and potential problems. The main components of integrations failure c ould be sum in the by-line six elements. The first one is lack of explore for the sees of the target company. Hence, it could not achieve the expectation afterwards the integration. The second performer is the cultural inappropriate between the two parties. The third grapple is the two parties lacking of communications before of after the integration. Another failure factor is that loss of key personnel in the target company after the MA surgical procedure. Furthermore, a potential problem is the over paying for the acquired company lead the acquiring company to get into the financial risk. The last issue for MA in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry is assuming that the growth in the market is uncertain which include the market trend, economic trend and etc.3.2 Evaluation of FedEx acquisition of tidal bore SystemTo evaluate the success or failure for FedEx Corporation acquired gauge Systems in 1998 should also form the different points of view. From the posit ive side, the company use $88 million acquired the Caliber System, Inc., it could provide the company a powerful technical support on profits commercial at that time. In the period, the e-commercial was on the development form in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry, the long-term investiture funds and acquisition of Caliber System made the FedEx Corporation own the abilities and opportunities to be the pioneer and leader in this area. According to summary of benefits for MA, The strategy helped FedEx Corporation entre a new market, broaden the business range, develop the new product and also gain new information technology. From the result, after the acquisition, in the following year, the company had an brilliant performance, the net income increased 30 per cent and posting record earning move up 73 per cent. (Gelis, 1999)However, as the passage of time, the competition in the market became more intense, despite of the e-tailing and electric commerce supporting, t he report shown that both the volume and the income have a negative trend. From the view of financial report, the result had an obvious falling. This condition was cause of several factors. Firstly, the furnish pricing jumping was unexpected, it will increase the cost for the company. Secondly, it also meant the Caliber System did not blend in the organization completely. The organization was enormous, the operation was complicated, hence, just acquisition strategy without well association could not make the new party perform perfectly. For figure out the problems, the FedEx Corporation announced reorganization on 19, Jan, 2000.Consequently, it is hard to simply seek whether success or failure for the acquisition of Caliber System. The acquisition brought benefits, opportunities and also new operation method for FedEx Corporation. The negative result in the following years was also cause of multiple factors, i.e. the competition in the industry, the fuel price rapid rising and et c.4. FedExs financial and non-financial performance in the internet and e-tailing marketThe popular using of mesh has changed most business in the world. The utilization of Internet improved the structure of organization, the collection, saving and dealing with data and information management. Furthermore, it also provided the opportunity for companies increase the awareness and sale channels in the market.FedEx Corporation created its own website form 1994, it is the first step and basis for the company to develop its e-commerce. FedEx.com is the first transportation website which could accept the one line order for package tracking and allow the customers to transact the business by Internet. Both shippers and recipients could access shipping information and print accompaniment via Internet. As the pioneer in the industry, FedEx should continually improve their system and service due to its competitor also created the Internet service and Internet software. For instance, the DH L launched the website in 1995(Exelby, 2000), UPS spent billions on IT and electronic commerce (Blackmon, 1999). The express transportation associated with e-tailing would transcend $7 billion in the year of 2000, but FedEx only handled with 10 percent of purchase on-line(a)(a) goods. All of these brought heavy pressure to FedEx. In 1998, the company paid more than $2 billions to acquire the Caliber System, Inc. to increase the abilities and power on Internet service and e-tailing. (Payne, 1997)Because of the large potential market and lower cost, the Internet and e-tailing market was continually enlarging in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry. To evaluate the performance of FedEx in Internet and e-tailing market should be from the view of five performance objectives. (Slack, 2007) Firstly, from the view of cost, FedEx as the first one for Internet and e-tailing in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry, it focused on long-term investment on IT and led the company to have the specific position in the area. For the intense competition, the company paid more than $2 millions to purchase Caliber System. It could effectively increase their market share in business-to-consumer delivery service. Hence, the investment partly made up the weakness against with UPS. Secondly, flexibility, the Internet service and e-tailing provide the convenience for the customers, increase a easy and quick channel for the transportation and e-tailing business. For instance, in the year of 1999, FedEx Marketplace created a link to the on-line shopping, the on-line shopper could click to the top on-line stores and with FedEx delivery. Thirdly, dependability, the establishing of the website heighten the dependability between the organization and customers. The computer system supported the customers to know their goods conditions in the whole delivery process. For example, the company created software called FedEx Virtual Order in 1999 which provide Internet or der and also provide the customers catalogues for them on the website. Moreover, the IT system also enhanced the internal management of FedEx Corporation. For the enormous organization, the dependable information system should be the basis for the busy operation process. (I.e. in 1995, FedEx launched AsiaOne Network, it is a transportation routing system) Fourthly, speed, for the transportation and logistics industry, speed is one of the crucial elements for the customers choosing a transportation company. The online order and the unique information system in FedEx deal with the order and storage, goods and shipping process, every process could reduce the time than before. For example, the FedEx Marketplace provided easy access to on-line merchants to offer fast FedEx shipping. Last but not least, quality, all of the strategies and performances about Internet and e-tailing could be linked to improve the quality providing for the customers and partners. For instance, the FedEx create d e-business Tool in the year of 1997 which could support an easier connection with FedEx shipping applications. And the EuroOne network established also provide a powerful transportation routing system which linking more than 30 cities. All of this would enhance the service quality of FedExs Internet and e-tailing.Consequently, the FedEx had an explicit objective in the Internet and e-tailing market, for both financial and non-financial performance of organization in this area was focus on achieving their objective. For the customers and partners, FedEx try to provide more flexible, convenient, fast service by the Internet and e-tailing channel, created dependable and loyal relationships with them and build a perfect reputation in the market. For the own organization, it insisted on long-term investment on Internet and e-tailing area, it would lead to earn a long-term benefits. Besides, the organization continually emphasized on the infrastructure building and technology improvemen t, to create a dependable operation system and transportation team which could support the smooth operation in Internet and e-tailing market. All of these performances lead the development of FedEx. It could not satisfy only by the pioneer of Internet business in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry but try to be the long-term leadership in this market.5. ConclusionAs has been discussed and evaluated, the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry as a significant industry in the world, the competition is intense and its changes is large and rapid. For the main organization in the industry, such as FedEx Corporation, should have clear objectives in its long-term operation and management. It includes the right decisions in the value-chain activities the specific process in the supply-chain management. Furthermore, the company should have a get in judgment for the marketing trend in the following years and fit in the judgment and other factors provide a right decision for Merger and Acquisition strategies. Additionally, the organizations should also focus on the infrastructure building, enhance the performance in their operation and management process. Internet market should still depend a significant role in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry and its potential benefit is enormous. Hence, to gain the leadership position in the Internet and E-commerce area may lead the organization to take the leadership in the Global Transportation and Logistics Industry.

The strategy of teamwork

The schema of group featINTRODUCTIONFor many years now, the strategy of squadwork has been widely apply in many organizations. One of its motives is to translate organisational values into specific rules of conduct created by police squad members, at that placeby, allowing the creation of self-managed appellation with organisational goals (Webb, 2006). Many modern-day theorists be falsehoodve that working in teams runs to crystalise most if non all challenges faced by organizations. It tends to end the bureaucratic underframe of control, improving efficiency and productivity while providing employees an avenue for socialization, self-actualization and participative guidance (Johnson and Johnson 1987).It is important to organize work around teams in several(prenominal) cases. For instance, in other to ensure the successful outcome of the National Health aid (NHS) project in the UK, general practitioners, IT experts, project managers and other professionals would need to meet and work together. However, behind this seemly pleasant style of work lie certain undesirable traits and characteristics.The essay begins by presenting popular understanding of teams and well-nigh positive ideologies that support the use of teamwork. It then goes further by unfavorablely analyzing these ideologies and identifying round unproductive characteristics exhibited by teams. The premise of this essay is not laborious to be cynical about the benefits that teamwork offers exactly rather expose some traits which reveals that it does not constantly benefit organizations, and particularly, its members. This would profit us by having a b courseer understanding about its strengths, shortcomings and implication about its use.WHAT ARE TEAMS? team upwork as an cuddle to how work is organized is not new but rather diachronic probably older than the phenomenon formal organization (Benders and train Hootegem, 1999). focus lit began sensing its benefits in the 1920s (Wil son, 2004). Studies reveal many companies using teamwork as a way of organizing work (Cully et al. 1998 Cohen et al., 1996). Today, team player skills usually need to shown be potential employers to stand a chance of employment.A team is a small number of people with complementary skills, committed to a common purpose, having located of mental process goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually responsible (Katzenbach and metalworker, 1993, p113). team ups argon thought to be special form of groups because members have a to a greater extent shargond focus in all regards as argue to seeking individual goals. Teams develop direction, commitment, and momentum by working to signifier a meaningful purpose (Wilson, 2004, p206). There be some teams regarded as self-managing teams because they have more authority to self-regulate throughout the task (Cohen et al., 1996).Teamwork has been popularized to be a remedy for solving inflexible structures to work and alleged inefficient bureaucratic control, and enhancing employee higher-order growth and relatedness needs by commercial enterprise enrichment and empowerment (Bratton el at., 2007, p313). Socialtechnical theorists take on that teamwork mitigates employee discretion, thereby lead story to commitment, motivation and satisfaction (Wilson, 2004). Teams enhance organizational dimensions by providing flexibility, motivation and learning (Knights and Willmott, 2007).Effective teams has also been framed as constantly task-oriented with confluence, having participative and shared form of leadinghip and tending to all overcome the subversive forces of power, battle and emotion (Sinclair, 1992).CRITICAL ANALYSIS ABOUT TEAMWORKIn substantiality, teams are not eer composed of the cl earlyish perfect picture that ideologists and focusing gurus learn it to be. Team members are still humans and could exhibit their sense of indistinguishability and purpose, which at certain times could be co nflicting. Some views about teamwork are unitary (Burrell and Morgan, 1979 Storey, 1995) which only assumes cohesion not conflicts between members thereby composition off teams that actually exhibits tension and strife as not real teams. In addition, the focus is centrally on achieving greater productivity with unforesightful emphasis to feelings, personal reflections or experience of team members (Metcalf and Linstead, 2003 Wilsons, 2004).To claim that teamwork is always beneficiary to the organization and its members, certain measures are required to ascertain its effectiveness. Does teamwork always produce remarkable results? Are team members always satisfied with the environment set for them to operate in and create themselves? Are they always will to continue contributing? Do organizations always have control in channeling team outcomes? It appears that from the enjoyable and seemly pleasant surface of teamwork lie a murky side.Rhetoric of exploitation by working harderTeamw ork is a sleeker form of oppressing childbed to suck out optimal performance. It allows employees work harder and smarter (Parker and Slaughter, 1988), intensifying crunch from workers (Knights and Willmott, 2007 Wilson, 2004). Teamworks goal is to cultivate organizational values into members by making them more participative and giving them a bit of autonomy, thereby instilling in them heating dodge to thrive and work further withal outside their contracted job schedule without world paid. Moreover, team members in addition to their tasks have to carry off other colleagues ensuring they do their work. Teams have huge responsibility in ensuring rescue of tasks scorn varying situations such(prenominal) as absenteeism, slackness or even change of members. These places profound burden on the rest of the team (not the organization) as supernumerary efforts is required to nullify them as seen in the NUMMI case (Parker and Slaughter, 1988 Knights and Willmott 2007). Team members embrace self-dignity by striving harder to ensure the teams success work not minding additional labour.While this benefits organizations who are obviously looking for maximum labour at minimum cost, it does not for team members because emphasise levels, tension and pressure are heightened as work is intensified and could lead to negative set up on employees well-being (Wilson, 2004).Concertive control and surveillanceThe strategy of teamwork is an effort to improve the traditional bureaucratic control. However, a tighter form of control, concertive control tends to exists within team-based work (Barker, 1993). Similar ethnographic film by Kunda (1992) showed similar control used to gain unstinting commitment from employees.Traditionally, management was responsible for setting rules and regulations for employees. With teamwork, members set their own rules possibly forming stricter punishment for defaulters (as seen in Barkers case at ISE). Team members monitor actions ensuring t otal conformity with norms, meting out punishment to defaulters (Sewell, 1998). Employees feel additional pressure sleep togethering that they are under surveillance from other team members, which may pose unhygienic to working environments.It appears that the freedom that teamwork promises seems contradictory to its reality. As Barker (1993, p435) honorablefully argues that hefty combination of peer pressure and sage rules forms tighter form of cage ins as opposed to contemporary claims. It is worthy to note that teams are not truly effective if they get the job done but self-destructs or burns everyone out (Roberts and Corbett, 2009, p150).Conflicts of power and leadership traitsMany contemporary theorists believe that groups that do not have conflicts over power or authority and have good interpersonal relations pass as real or working teams. However, studies show that groups do experience various forms power (French and Raven, 1959) which is not pertainly distributed (Fio relli, 1988).The most influential or regnant individuals could maneuver the team efforts to possibly suit their own interests rather than the teams. Janis (1985) notes that governmental factors due to autocratic leaders cause high decision-making errors. Less powerful members have no choice but to concede to the opinions of these elite members despite the fact of their convictions about its misfortune. Decisions readily accepted unanimously without contests, weakens the efficiency of teams (Sinclair, 1992). Groupthink (Janis, 1972) universe is likely in teams that try to reduce conflicts by cohesiveness and consensus without critical analysis and evaluation. The output of work in this case is not positive and lacks excellence since further evaluation and alternatives may not be considered. An metaphor is the famous NASA Shuttle Challenger case in 1986 where the engineers had to concede to send the shuttle despite their concerns about its safety resulting into tragedy.It is di fficult to eradicate the conception of leadership in teams, as they are important to their efficiency (Sinclair, 1992 Roberts and Corbett, 2009). Wilson (2004) argues that there difficulties in recruiting team leaders because the perception about their qualities varies. Bad leaders not being able to steer the team in its right course often lead to counterproductive results.Emotional conflicts and ResistanceTeams are prone in displaying certain emotions during tasks that deters its efficiency (Ashkanasy el at., 2000). In the decisions by Alan (2005), emotions are positive at the start of the project but tend to be negative as the project grows affecting the overall team process. McKinlay and Taylor (1996), Ezzamel and Wilmott (1998) shows emotional conflicts arise from unfairness and inequalities of peer evaluation system such as attaching benefits to individuals and variations in pay. Others causes include the need for belonging or frustrations having to conform, social loafing or too much dominance by some members. All these negative emotions can produce actions that restrain team members towards displace in their best thereby impeding teamwork results.In the pyramid case, the system of peer review was a disciplinary mechanism by management to encourage individual performance and prevent free riding in the team but employees opinion that all team members should get equal benefits since the overall output was a team effort disrupted managements strategy. unregenerate to hegemony theory that management always exercises dominant influence over teams, it does not always appear so. In some teamwork cases, elements of conflicts and contention causes member to petition more control over their work process than what is available to them leading to renegotiation of managerial authority boundaries (Vallas, 2003). His study shows evidences of organizational tensions, contradictions and solidarity among workers restricted managements hegemonic control over their cult ure. This baron frustrate managements strategy of imbibing their agenda into teams.Present managers aptitude also frustrate organizations plight for teams because it might render them no extended necessary. Teamwork draws employees to micro-management of tasks (Milkman, 1998) and Peters (1987, p296) argues that because teams become self-managing, they tend to eliminate first-line supervisory jobs. This means that their services might become redundant or hinder their chances of promotion as seen in the traditional era of management (Sims, 1995).Time efficiency issuesMeetings are places where teams omit lot of work time discussing issues and arriving at decisions (Briggs, 1997). In a seek conducted by Olson and Olson (1999) on educators in the U.S., team members indicated weaknesses in effectiveness of meetings and timelines. From experience, being in team meetings could take a huge amount of time giving little time for the actual task. Covey et al. (1994) highlights the importan ce for strategies to helper groups maximize time indicating the possibility of getting too engrossed in fruitless meetings.CONCLUSIONThere are some instances whereby individual performance is preferred to teamwork. Teamwork at times lead to frustration and ultimate failure when there are senses of hidden agendas, lack of understanding, poor leadership, wrong swagger of team members and unhealthy team environment such as stress and unrealistic expectations (Yeung and Bailey, 1999).There is no single experience of teamwork as Knights and McCabe (2000) finding shows three classes of peoples experience as throw, bothered or bewitched. It is therefore wrong to claim teamwork is always beneficial to its members. In addition, team systems may founder up possibilities beyond those which management intends (Derber and Schwartz, 1983).It is clear as some seek suggests (e.g. Wall et al., 1986) that teamwork increases productivity. However, we need to understand when the concept of teamwo rk holds true. By just applying the theoretical account of teams without properly exploiting those grey areas, it might tend to hamper rather than nurse organizational performance as some cases also show that teamwork do not necessarily lead to organizational performance (Bratton, 2007).As Katzenbach and Smith (1993), rightly points that it is important for organizations, in other to make better decisions, know when teams can be encouraged and used. To add further, they must also be aware of those negative traits found in teamwork so as not feel disappointed in unanticipated outcomes.REFERENCESAshkanasy, N. M., Hrtel, C.E. J. and Zerbe, W. J. (2000). Emotions in the workplace research, theory, and practice. Westport Greenwood Publishing group, Inc.Alan, P.R. (2005). Emotions and team projects and processes. Team Performance Management, 11(7-8), pp. 251-262.Barker, J. (1993). Tightening the iron cage Concertive control in self managing teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(3 ) 408-437.Belbin, R.M. (2000). Beyond the Team. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.Benders, J., and Van Hootegem, G. (1999). Teams and the Context Moving the Team Discussion beyond Existing Dichotomies. journal of Management Studies, 36(5), pp. 609-628.Bratton, J., Callinan, M., Forshaw, C., Sawchuk, P. (2007). Work and Organizationl doings Understand the Workplace. rising York Palgrave Macmillan.Briggs, M.H. (1997). Building early intervention teams Working together for children and families. Gaithersburg, MD Aspen.Burrell, G., and G. Morgan (1979). Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis. capital of the United Kingdom Heinemann.Cohen, S., Ledford, G., and Spreitzer, G. (1996). A Predictive Model of Self-Managing Work Team Effectiveness. Human Relations, 49(5), pp. 643-676.Covey, S. R., Merrill, A. R. and Merrill, R.R. (1994). 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J. M. Pennings, ed., pp. 157-197. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Johnson, D.W., and Johnson F.P. (1987). link together group theory and group skill s. New Jersey Prentice-Hall.Katzenbach, J.R., and Smith, D.K. (1993). The cognition of Teams Creating the High Performance Organization. Boston Harvard Business School Press.Knights, D. and McCabe, D. (2000). Bewitched, bothered and bewildered The meaning and experience of teamworking for employees in an automobile company. Human Relations 53(11), pp. 1481-1517.Knights D. and Willmott H. (2007). Introducing organizational behaviour and management. London Thomson Learning.Kunda, G. (1992). Engineering Culture Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation. Philadelphia Temple University Press.McKinlay, A. and Taylor, P. (1996). Power, surveillance and resistance Inside the pulverization of the Future, in Ackers, P., Smith, C., and Smith P, eds. The New Workplace and Trade Unionism. London Routledge, pp. 279-300.Metcalf, B., and Linstead, A. 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The Discipline of Teams The Control of Team-Based Industrial Work through electronic and Peer Surveillance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, pp. 397-428.Sims, H. P. (1995). Challenged to implementing self-managing teams. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 18(2), pp. 24-31.Sinclair, A. (1992). The tyranny of team ideology. Organization Studies, 13(4), pp. 611-625.Storey, J., ed. (1995). Human Resource Management A Critical Text. London Routledge.Vallas, S.P. (2003). The Adventures of Managerial Hegemony Teamwork, Ideology, and Worker Resistance. Social Problems 50(2) 204-225.Wall, T.D., Kemp, N.J., Jackson, P.R. and Clegg, C.W. (1986). Outcomes of autonomous workgroups A long bound field experiment. Academy of Management Journal 29, pp. 280-304.Webb J. (2006). Organisations, identities and the self. New York Palgrave macmillan.Wilson F.M (2004). Organizational Behaviour and Work A critical introduction. 2nd ed. New York Oxford University Press Inc.Yeung, R. and Bailey, S. (1999). pop out It Together. Accountancy, June 1999.

The Structure And Function Of Antibodies

The Structure And manoeuvre Of AntibodiesThere is a type of white slant cubicle called blood plasma cellular telephoneular telephoneular telephones which are produced in the b genius marrow as B cells consequently mature into plasma cells, these produce antibodies. Antibodies are either link up to cell surface membranes or secreted as soluble glycoproteins. Antibodies are large Y-shaped proteins which the immune system uses to neutralise and lead to the elimination of inappropriate bodies. Antibodies are glycoproteins, collect to carbohydrates grooming to amino acid resi collectables on the polypeptides these are composed of quartette polypeptide bonds, of which, deuce obese reachs and two light chains to wee-wee the complete antibody. There are small arenas at the tip of the antibody called the antigen makeing sites this land is hugely diverse due to random genetic mutations leash to amino acid chain variations causing a hyper uncertain character that allows i t to view as to many various antigens.Adaptive immunity is the immune receipt that involves antibodies. It is undeveloped at birth, and is the rejoinder of the lymphocytes to specific antigens.Antibodies are heavy spherical plasma proteins that belong to the family of proteins, immunoglobins. They have sugar chains attached to nigh of their amino acids making them glycoproteins. Each of their heavy chains has two regions the unremitting region (carboxyl-terminal end) for biological effector functions and the variable region (amino-terminal end) for antigen recognition. The light and heavy chains forming the antibody have inter and intra chain disulphide bridges which hold the chains together, the quantity of bonds varies between different antibody molecules. They have a hinge region where the arms of the antibody molecule form a Y-shape it is named the hinge region due to segmental flexibility at this point. Antibodies have a massively variable antigen binding site due to the different heavy and light chain amino acid configurations.After birth the only antibodies present in the body are the ones passed over by passive immunization from the mother. archaean diligent immune system antibodies develop in the first fewer years of life.The main function of each antibody is to specifically bind to one or few similar antigens ( foreign molecules). The structure of antibodies relates to the three main functions activity, versatility and specificity. Antibodies stay fresh pathogens from damaging or entering cells by binding to them. Antibodies stimulate macrophages to utilise in the removal of pathogens and in addition stimulate other immune responses. They bind to various cells such as phagocytes, lymphocytes, platelets etc. this binding leads to the activation of these cells to coiffure immune functions such as antibody production and phagocytosis. Antibodies buns also bind together when theyre bound to pathogens, linking them together and stopping th e pathogens from moving or causing damage.The function of an antibody binding to an antigen is provided by the structure of the variable region which has the antigen-binding site (known as the Fragment antigen-binding fragment made from one constant and one variable region) the variable amino acid configuration allows a diverse possibility of specific antibodies to bind with antigens found on foreign bodies. The Fragment crystallisable region at the base of the antibody triggers the appropriate immune response for the situation, for example clumping together (where the Fab fragment joins with the Fc region of another antibody) or triggering the release of histamine in an allergic reaction.There are five different antibody isotypes in humans IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG is the main antibody in the blood in time it can move throughout the bodys tissue. It forms the majority of the active immune antibody response to pathogens. It is also able to cross the placenta during pregnanc y, passing on passive immunisation from the mother to the developing foetus. IgA is present in bodily fluids in entrances to the body, such as tears, breast milk, and saliva and also in the respiratory tract, urogenital tract and digestive tract, and its function is to sustain colonisation from pathogens. IgM is either present on B cell surfaces or in a soluble secreted form (in which is the largest antibody due to its pentamer form) in the blood and it is involved in the early immune response and can kill pathogens. IgD is the antigen receptor on B cells not already exposed to antigens. IgE is involved in the allergic response to foreign bodies and releases histamine when bound to allergens. The B cell will produce these various isotypes at different stages of its development.Antibodies are secreted by a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attache d to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is only found on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells, or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure.4 In around cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody coevals following antigen binding.5 Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as good as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.

Southwest Airlines Corporations

southwestern United States Airlines CorporationsIn year of 2006, southwestern Airlines celebrated its 34th uncoiled year of profitability. While distinguishable airlines paces of profitability appear to be moribund sou-west Airlines was an nonenced as single of the much or less admired corporations by probability 500 time ( southwesterly 2006). southwests achievement is deeply related to the innovative strategies that opposite airlines dont veritable(a) d atomic number 18 to consider. The corporate destination and strategic doctrine associations out, making southwestern United States the top outer in the whole airline industry. southwest Airlines schema corporation be described as short-haul, downcast-f argon, high-frequency, and point-to-point carrier (Fortune Magazine 2006). A lot of people consider that the marketing dodging that southwestward Airlines currently using is the scurvy exist provider schema. Low cost provider scheme is a strategy which is committed to driving push down the cost by means of its dress chain system (Broydrick 1995). This strategy all in al sufferings companies to grapple aggressively on price earning high profit margins than rivals. except the low cost provider strategy is non the cure-all prescription for all the problems. If the quality of a product or service is non guaranteed, the low cost provider strategy is non uniformly to work. From a macro instruction positioning, it disclosems that southwestern United States Airlines is using the low cost provider strategy to stand out among all other airlines. Rather, it is using the scoop cost provider strategy because from a competitive positioning standpoint, best cost strategies be a hybrid, balancing a strategic emphasis on low cost against a strategic emphasis on differentiation (supervalue) (Entrepreneur 1995).In order to analyze the factors which contri provideded to the triumph of southwesterly Airline Corporation more(preno minal) than efficiently, we roll in the hay use the McKinsey 7-S Model. In Peter and Watermans masterpiece In as secern of Excellence, the book summarized that in order for a corporation to be palmy at that aspire are factors which it moldiness acquire. The reason why that they are considering the success in this elbow room was because that successful corporations they picked from the top list of the Fortune Magazine all possessed s nonetheless criterion. That is the famous McKinsey 7-S framework that Southwest Airline establish its strategies on, which guarantees that some(prenominal) in discernigent approach to eventual success of organizing had to en collar (Peters and Waterman, 1982). The McKinsey framework includes eight attri demandinglyes 1) A Bias for Action. This attribute is based on the pattern of suffer do, let try. This means that the principle favors experimentation. Southwest often goes out of its counseling to amuse, surprise and entertain its passengers (Peters and Waterman, 1982). 2) Close to the Customer. This implies that the amour to customers are ex public pressed as an attitude c formerlyntrating on treasured clients quite than valued employees of Southwest Airlines kickshaw the customers as valued clients rather than valued wallets. They care just or so the customers not only effective for whiz trip, but their futures as thoroughly. Moreover, the letters from customers are answered somebodyally rather than using a standardized formula. Southwests chief executive officer Kelleher actively supported that because he declared that thither are three advantages which could be drawn from the service. First, it is the employee performance. Kelleher considers it the best way to value its employees. Second, the inputs from the letters which are authentically wrote indicates the real deficiencies that Southwest might encounter. Third, there is no worry about the letters because if customers are ordaining to pass a dogged t ime on writing it, there is a great misfortune that their concern shown on the letters are true and realistic. Southwest rarely uses survey questions to test its customers to test customer satisfaction. Because most surveys are found up of multiple choices from scales such as from 1 to 10, or from nice to bad. It is hard from customers to think that the corporation belongs to which category. The difference surrounded by scales 5 and 7 might be real close which confuse the customers (Dauble 2005).As a result, some customers filled up the answers in guessing way that they dont even k in a flash what they are doing. They just want to get over with it. 3) autonomy and Entrepreneurship. This indicates that in the whole corporation, both employee is a leader. They are respected just like any top managers. Everyone is welcome to submit new ideas or weakness of the corporation, and it has no hierarchy. Moreover, their forget be competition within the corporation, but not suppression . Every competition is conducted in friendly manners. Unlike other corporations that the CEOs rarely allows themselves to meet the employees, the employees of Southwest posterior cast off lunch with Kelleher any mean solar day at any time (Marcial 2005). totally the de musical compositionments often exhibitor free ice creams, pizza and other smashing stuffs to celebrate for to each one other when an assignment gets well done. Some employees from different departments in other corporations dont even know each other. altogether they do is doing their own work. Therefore, once there is a problem, it is extremely problematical for departments to work as a whole to solve the problem because they hardly know each other. This allow wastes a lot of time, provoke the accident of booster cable the corporation into the do by direction, and intensifies the relationship of managers between departments in the situation that when they are unable to compass consensus (Lynch 2005). Fur thermore, Southwest welcomes too-rans as well as successes because it firmly believes that failure is the take of success. When a failure appears, it means that the success is coming down the road. 4) productiveness through People. This strategy implies that there is no existence of personality tests. wizard of humor and an outgoing attitude is a must(prenominal). At Southwest, dialogues are frequent and concerns of out of date people and young people are hardened by old employees and young employees with outgoing attitudes and personalities. In this way, the negative effectuate and mis discoverings due to generation gaps cigarette be avoided. 5) Hand-on, Value-Driven. At Southwest, there is a policy that in any quarter, the top managers and executives must spend one day experiencing the jobs of their employees. By running(a) on positions such as tag agents, baggage handlers, or janitors, people from the top level go away yield an authentic feel of whats going on and where are difficulties and deficiencies (Bunz 1998). 6) Stick to the Knitting.This scheme indicates that corporations should neer unfold too fast just because their pecuniary results in the short run show success. Southwest entrust not expand recently because it follows the strategy and every move it secures is conducted in an extremely painstaking way. Southwest understands that if hot meat appears, your eating it fast strategy belike will burn your mouth (McNerney 1996). 7) Simple Form and Lean Staff. This strategy means that keeping an organizational staff lean simplifies channels of communication in an organization (Peters and Waterman, 1982). The reason of this is because that the more layers a hierarch has in a corporation, the longer it makes to make a decisiveness which could result in wasting time and resources. At Southwest, it is not the janitors clean up the airlines. Rather, evasion attendants and top managers are people who do the cleanings. In this way, South west nooky save both money and time. Moreover, Southwest is ever loyal to its employees as they are to the Southwest. Southwest uses the forever and a day hire and rarely fire principle when dealing with human resources (Peters and Waterman, 1982). It never fires its employees just because of external factors such as the stagnant of economy or internal factors such as financial loss. 8) Simultaneous loose-tight properties. This means that the corporation has both a centralized and decentralised system which de-emphasizes hierarchy. Southwest has a democratic style of corporation culture with autonomy and a tight control of finance by the CEO to make sure that money and resources are not wasted. Besides the preceding(prenominal) eight important strategies that successful corporations must acquire, Southwest has two more strategies that other successful corporations do not possess. One is the University of People, and the other one is its CEO Kelleher (BusinessWeek 2005). Univer sity of People is a program established by Southwest for training new employees. The trainees treat rookies just like the way they treat customers with great respect. Southwest firmly believes that the way it treats its employees will be an index finger of standards and positive pauperization for employees to treat customers in resembling manners in the way which they are treated, or even better. As the CEO of Southwest, Kelleher is a successful executive with great responsibilities. He is also numbered upon as a person with great sense of humor. An employee described that wherever Mr. Kelleher goes, you will forever and a day hear sounds of laughs and feel an atmosphere of harmony (Gavinderajan 2002). The successful corporation building and philosophy of centralized and decentralized differentiation of the Short-Haul strategy brings a change, as well as a revolution of corporate twist innovations from old styles to the new ones.The Short-Haul strategy is very successful curr ently. Southwest is successful not only because of the Short-Hauls strategy. Southwests corporate strategy in areas of human resources, financial control, employee motivation and promotion, frequent communications between different levels, and the hardness for other airlines to replica are also factors which go with the Short-Haul strategy, differentiating Southwest from the rest of airlines, and therefore ensuring the success of such great achievement. However, huge problems are liable(predicate) to take place in the long run. Just like Darwins Theory survival of the fittest indicates that every element is on its way of evolving, being unchanged will in conclusion be discarded by time and success in the long run. It is true that Kellehers Short-Haul strategy is extremely successful at present, but it will never guarantee that depending solely on this strategy will soothe be successful in the future. pictureing into the history of the human kind, and look at ourselves now, how is it different from the olden and the present? If all human beings hold not evolved, if the science in every humanness has not changed, will we still take up the same outlooks as what we are having now? I dont think so. Without the evolving of human kind and the improvements in scientific field, we will be no different compared with the primary humans in the early stages. Dont even mention about watching television, taking shower, surfing on the internet, fast(a) in the airplane, or even having delicious meals. Without changes and improvements, we will still be in the primary forests where once we belonged, eating raw meat like barbarians and sharing room with animals. There is no administration, phone line entity or element which is able to stay unchanged forever.During the medieval period, the Roman Empire was the most powerful nation in the entire world. But it collapsed. The British once said that the sun will never set on corking Britain It also collapsed. chinawar e invented three of the four ancient miracles, the method of printing, compass and gunpowder more than 3,000 eld ago. It was also the center of power and nuance during the Tang Dynasty which runed for more than 800 years. China also paved the way for the scraming line international business that never had happened between the east and the west. When Marco Polo traveled to China during the peak of its prosperity, he was shocked and thrilled to see that difference between the east and the west. When the European were sharing rooms with animals, China already had palaces make out of gold, even the miracle of Great groin which is the only manmade mark that can be seen from space. The dynasty also collapsed. From all the examples that I mentioned above, you can clearly see that every nation has its ups and downs. Forever power never exists. This is exactly the same as business. I will be astonished if you can tell me a business entity which has lasted for 500 years. Many people bel ieve that Wal-Mart is unstoppable, and unfortunately, they are absolutely wrong. Decades ago, Sears was the Wal-Mart at that time. Look at Sears now, how different it is between the past and present. Who can guarantee decades later, there will be no corporations permutation Wal-Mart? If Kelleher has the same concerns as I do, it is accomplishable that he will be worried about Southwest in the future. What if the Short-Haul strategy stopped working? What if an underdog suddenly comes out, making Southwest stand on the border of failure? The situation for Southwest in the future is not as upbeat as it seems. However, it does not mean that Southwest is meant to be a failure. All roads lead to Rome, and whenever there is a will, there is a way.Kelleher can still use the Short-Haul strategy to succeed. But the strategy must be converted from a micro-perspective to a macro-perspective. In order for a bon ton to be successful in the long run, it must expand. Kelleher said that Southwes t has not made any decision to expand at present. But it does not mean that Southwest will never expand. As a business entity, corporations must expand globally to obtain more profits. Look at Wal-Mart, how many stores does it own worldwide? Need I say more? This also reminds me of an old saying which has it that the largest fish in the river is never a big fish in the ocean. If Southwest is at rest just because of current profits and competitive advantages it has in the short run, it will not be Southwest anymore. I think that Southwest is on its way of planning its expansions, but with a very careful and conscientious attitude. It wants to make sure that the new strategy will work when the decision of expanding is made. There might be countless strategies for Kelleher to come up with. I know one strategy which I consider the best strategy because using this new strategy, Southwest can be very successful in the long run. It can also save time and resources.So what is this so-call ed strategy? I consider it the most successful not because of my arbitrary standing point of pride and prejudice. Rather, I recognized its importance and advantages because I have done a lot of research to make sure that this approach makes sense. The strategy I am using now is one strategy from the masterpiece called The Art of fight, written by the greatest military strategian ever in history more than 3,000 years ago. The authors name is Sun Zi. What is so great and amazing about this book is that it has listed all the strategies which can be applied and used in all scientific fields, such as military, business, geometry and all other innate sciences. Japan is renowned for its management which almost cracked down the American automobile industry, and every top manager in Japan always makes sure they the book The Art of contend lays on his desk. India is renowned for its financial system which also takes some strategies from The Art of War. United States surgical incision of Defense and its military also adopted the strategies from the masterpiece of The Art of War, and manipulate them from a military science standing point (The diffuse and popularity of the Art of War). In order to implement these strategies appropriately, one urgency must be met. The prerequisite is that the user must have a well understanding of military science built on the views that can be related and flexibly applied and manipulated from a perspective which solves problems based on methods of essence indirectly related from all other sciences. Knowledge is corresponding to a big family in that every element from every field mutually supports each other.For instance, when in process of establishing a military strategy, the person responsible for it must have good understandings of sciences such as geology, meteorology, physics, alchemy and even languages as well. In order for the strategy to operate well to the fullest extent of its capacity, the central strategist must have a good command of what geological area is the foe in what weapons has the enemy obtained is it possible to use the scientific competitive advantage from a military perspective what will the weather be like when the battle takes place what numeric calculation is needed for the army to defeat the enemy in a timely, resource-saving and casualty-reducing standpoint after invading the area, what language and culture pattern that the enemy uses and has, etc. For geography, it is crucial for the strategist to decide which altitudes in the region would credibly to be an advantage when fighting the battle. For weapons, the strategist must know whether the weapons invented through the methods and formulas of physics and chemistry is a helping factor, and the basic laws and functions of the scientific principles in which the weapons are made based on knowledge of physics and chemistry.For meteorology, the strategist must have a good command of whats the weather would be like when the battle takes places because fighting on a sunny day and rainy day will have different results which could be the factors leading to either the victory or failure of the battle. For mathematics, the strategist must be pretty clear that why way is actually the nearest way offering competitive advantage for his troops. For linguistics, people who speak the enemys language and understand their ethnical patterns will be a good indicator to lead the way. Ignorance of these necessary elements that eventually leads to failures is countless. In the Korean War, both sides have assay everything to keep control of the highest geographic positions the first Russian space snort to the moon would provide Russia with a competitive technological advantage on weapons based on the same laws of sciences that were applied to the shuttle the shuttle never comes back because the Russian scientists ignored one hundredth of a decimal fraction point, and it resulted in deaths of all its excellent astronauts the incapacitated of the space shuttle which the government had supported financially, the time Russian scientists had devoted themselves to, and suspicions of scientific laws all the hard work, the money and resources was wasted, and the laws of science were meant to be retested the American troops in Iraq resulted in more casualties as expected because the strategist ignored the power of language, and hiring locals who hatred Americans as translators who intentionally led Americans to opposite and wrong directions which resulted in lost of many lives which can possibly be saved if language and cultural pattern were considered. Finally, the reason that George Bush still could not find store Laden is because that he has no idea of the Iraqi landforms. If he knew that well, put in Laden should already be caught and Saddam Hussein will not be the scapegoat.The strategy that Southwest Airlines should use in order to pass its success is also based on the Short-Haul strategy. The differ ence is that the strategy must be inter-converted. Southwest can try its best to duplicate its Short-Haul strategy globally. For instance, it can do exactly the same business with the same strategy once again. But this time, Southwest has to do it in every part of the world. For instance, Southwest can expand its business in France, Germany, Australia, Russia, China, Japan, Poland, Greece, etc. All Southwest has to do is doing Short-Haul business in all the countries. Once the Short-Haul strategy has spread to almost all the nations with economic prosperity, Southwest can start its Long-Haul strategy. Its global intercommunicate will be linked like the lusty structure of an atom, from Russia to Germany, Germany to France, France to Australia, Australia to China, and China to Switzerland, etc. By doing this, Southwest will have an extremely solid structure of global airline cyberspace that is believably to be very durable. The structure is similar to that of an atom. The structur e of an atom can be described as one of the most solid structure among all other solid elements. This strategy adopted from The Art of War is based on the theory of strategic convertation, especially from a micro-perspective to a macro-perspective (Chapter IV, Art of War). By duplicating its successful strategy of Short-Haul, Southwest will have the capabilities of accumulating more strengths little by little. When Southwest considers it the right time to transform the Short-Hauls strategy to Long-Hauls, it can connect its business in every corner of the world. Each business in a certain place can be regard as a dot there will an enormous amount of dots that Southwest has worked on. Therefore, connections of all the dots will change the network similar to that of an atom. Atom is said to have the toughest element structure on earth. One atom does not mean anything two atoms only make a molecule. But through countless chemical reactions of nuclear fissions, millions and billions of atoms will have the energy as powerful as that of the atomic bomb. This strategy is also flexible. When Southwest considers itself too hard to manage all its subdivisions, it can back up its structures to original format, transforming from a macro-perspective to a micro-perspective. It can also change some parts to macro and other parts to micro. Whenever it is needed, Southwest is capable of interchanging its structure into different forms that best fits can be metrical according to different situations.The huge advantage of this strategic has three crucial characteristics First, all Southwest has to do to force other airlines out of business just by doing a slight shift. Once the headquarter take the move, every connections of the network over the world can either do the same as a whole or a slightly different according to its own situation. The reason that Southwest is able to do this is because it possesses both a centralized and decentralized structure which can choose the be st outfits. Second, once the network is complete, it will be very durable. It can last for a very last period until the strategies made by other airlines are superior. As I mentioned above, every element is on the way of changing so that there is no forever monopoly. But when Southwest has the ability to applied the Long-Hauls strategy, it will already have obtained the role as the leader in the industry. It will then be extremely difficult for other airlines to innovate new ideas expecting to replace the Southwest because under that situation, Southwest have the power to make sure that other airlines do not have chances. I dont mean that there is no possibility another(prenominal) innovation of internal structure of corporations. But the probability is not likely because at that time, Southwest will have the possibility with a cartel interval of at least 90%. Finally, I will be thrilled and stunned if other corporations are able to come up with better strategies under such a suppr essed atmosphere. In order for other airlines to jump out from the vicious cycle, they must have the ability to obtain two important factors, which are financial resources and time. The network at least will take Southwest ten years to complete with financing of trillions of dollars. It is not likely for other airlines to come up with trillions of dollars at once, and even Wal-Mart does not know if it possesses the ability. Moreover, there is another requirement of more importance. That is the time. The most valuable thing in the entire world is time. There is no opportunity cost for time because time is always moving on and it is eternal. It can never stop. As a result, do those airlines have time to do it? How long do they need in order to come up with a better strategy, replacing that of the Southwests? Therefore, the possibility is extremely slight. Southwest has this advantage. It is only a matter of time Its about how long Southwest can lastBibliographiesAmericas Most Admired Companies 2006, Wall track Journal, open http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/snapshots/1253.htmlDauble, Jennifer, Top Fifty Companies to Watch, October 31, 2005. Wall Street Journal, available http//www.dowjones.com/Pressroom/PressReleases/Other/US/2005.html._ Marcial, Gene, Southwest Airlines Wings North, November 7, 2005. BusinessWeek, available http//www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_45/b3958118.htmLynch, Pat Southwest Airlines, Online Blogs From Google, April 5, 2005. Available http//finance.google.com/finance?q=luvhl=enSouthwest Fact Sheet, March 28, 2006. Southwest Airlines Corporation, available http//www.southwest.com/about_swa/press/factsheet.htmlBunz Ulla, Learning Excellence, Southwest Airlines approach, Volume 8, 1998.Available http//bunz.comm.fsu.edu/southwest.pdfPeter, TJ. And Waterman, R.H. (1982), In bet of Excellence Lessons from Americas Best Run Companies, Harper Row, New York, NY.McNerney, D.J. (1996), Employee motivation creating a m otivated workforce, HR Focus, Vol.73 No.8, pp.1, 4-6.Gavinderajan Vijay, Southwest Airline Corporation, 2002, no. 20012.Trip Tracy, March 2006. Best Practices Case Study Best Perks, Southwest Airlines, available http//vault.com/nr/newsmain.jsp?nr_page=3ch_id=402article_id=19258

Theatre Of The Absurd And The Homecoming English Literature Essay

field of view Of The soaked And The Homecoming English Literature EssayFirstly, to substantially serve the question above, it is indeed imperative to present a definition of awry(p)ist home by which to draw comparisons from, to successfully evaluate Harold Pinters The Homecoming as a representative example.It should ab initio be brought to the attention of the reader that absurdist theatre in effect does not present a typical definition or strict rules or guidelines from which to con miscellanea, for example, a piece of romp script to. as yet, on that point is an interpretation that has been most famously noted by Martin Esslin in his theatre of operations of the Absurd, from which he puts this term into some context of understanding, regularized from the French philosopher Albert Camus, in his fabrication of Sisyphus, written in 1942. (Culik 2000). For example, Esslin in his bailiwick of the Absurd comments on the commit of the word Absurd describing its original gist as out of accord in a musical context. (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10) However, he hones in on Camus use of the word, which is employ in the understanding of absurdist theatre that has a all in all different notion behind it. For example, Ionesco defines this notion as, Absurd is that which is devoid of manipulation Cut off from his spectral, metaphysical, and transcendental roots, man is lost all his practiceions survive senseless, absurd, useless. (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10) Thus, the most central theme to Absurdist Theatre is awareness of this drop of purpose in all we do and how this produces a state of metaphysical anguish. (Ray 2005)Further more(prenominal), according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the Theatre of the Absurd the term essentially coined by Martin Esslin in his critical work, as mentioned above defines the understanding that The Theatre of the Absurd strives to express its sense of senselessness of the human correct and the inadequacy of the sharp approach by the open abandonment of keen devices and discursive thought. (OED 2010) Esslin continues to comment, in his study of Theatre of the Absurd, on the disorientating quality of the laughers (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10) that are usually grouped into the genre of absurd, and how so many established critics arrive at condemned the absurdist plays for their lack of plot, development, characterisation, skepticism or plain common sense. (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10) Specifically Esslin uses Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot as an example to demonstrate that those in society that are unsophisticated overflowing t o come to the theatre without any preconceived notions and ready-to-eat expectations (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10) about a performance were thus able to run across past the nonsense or mystification (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10) of these types of plays and find meaning and understanding in them, rather than their chinkmingly impertinent and outrageous craft (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10).In terms of lyric poem, the Theatre of the Absurd, tends towards a radical devaluation of wording (Worthen 2004 p 907 -10), in former(a) words reducing the value of expression that logically, plays are so heavily reliant on. However, this is not to say that language is completely disregarded, because in fact it is not, its function is more poignantly used to contradict the action of the character voicing the lines.In terms of its historic context, Theatre of the Absurd has emanated from the avant-garde movements in art from the period of the twenties 30s, originating from Paris. Yet, probably more central to its rise was the traumatic horror experienced from World War II. Furthermore, around this time the beginning of the loss of religious signifi supportce and dependence in peoples lives highlighted the opposite of purpose and meaning to life, on board the resonating realisation of the uncertainty of life. As a consequence the Theatre of the Absurd aimed to present an anti- theatre, to ref lect as the world was beginning to schism apart, with its morals, conventions and values, so too must theatre evolve out of its traditionalism and become surreal, illogical, conflictless and plotless. (Culik 2000).On first appearances Pinters The Homecoming, seems to fit the theory of the Theatre of the Absurd. It initially presents the reader with an absurd setting, whereby the back wall has been removed. The power point action is pose against the ridiculous language that seems to be discursive the character exclusive, seems to pass aimlessly between subject after subject. It almost satirises how language is the key to communication. However, the converse seems ridiculous with the stage action contradicting the words that are said by the characters. For example, Max says to Lenny Dont you talk to me like that. Im warning you (Worthen 2004 p. 764) the understanding of the language imp pillows Max aggressive attitude and embodiment, yet the stage action suggest a complete juxta position (He sits in large arm chair) (Worthen 2004 p. 764).Furthermore, the absurd converse exchanged by the principle protagonist Max seems to be noble and the ability to comprehend impossible, thus adhering to the illogical sense instilled in absurdist language. He talks about his wife in a negative and tyrannical tone, it made me sick just to look at her rotten ill-smelling face, she wasnt such a bad bitch. (Worthen 2004 p.764) Lennys reaction seems to be completely thoughtless to his fathers statement about his mother. Instead of the words he hears, its as if he hears irritating noise being expelled from Maxs mouth and wants him to be quiet. To add to the fatuity of the two characters we are presented with Max talks about himself in a manner that is bizarre, your lousy filthy father (Worthen 2004 p.764). The expression of this senselessness and insistent discursive thin out throughout the whole play creates an incomprehensible psychotic belief that understandably baffle s its audiences and readers.More so, in terms of language, the play adheres to the illogical trend absurdist theatre expresses, through the re first appearance of the characters mooring and Ruth. They are married, yet Teddy is not fazed in the slightest as his brothers start to have inner relations with his wife. For example, Lenny says to Joey in front of Teddy, You didnt get all the way and youve had her up there for two hours (Worthen 2004 p782). This ludicrous behaviour stimulates an even more flummox realisation for readers and audiences, as they begin to understand the senselessness of the human condition that Absurdist theatre seeks to express. Furthermore, the incomprehensible expression of language strengthens even more so towards the end of the play. This is where we see the family, excluding Teddy gravitate towards Teddys wife Ruth, wanting her to stick to in the household. Their objective for her is to turn her into a whore. This may be an act to replace the previou s matriarch of the family, Jessie, who was both a mother and a whore. Teddys distinct separation from the meaning of the dialogue depicts the open abandonment of rational devices, as he decides that it is okay to leave his wife there.However, in reverse to the statement above, it is easy to see that Pinters The homecoming does reflect the trends of Absurdist theatre, yet something more new and exciting is emerging that does not just restrict itself to this year/genre. For example, throughout the play we can see the heavy mix of influence from the realist and absurdist genres that dominate the majority of the play. This juxtaposition reflected in the setting, exposes nerve by side everyday domesticity with a subtle undercurrent of animalistic violence (Gin 2008).Francis Grin, in his book Pinters Stage, A New Genre argues that if you read Pinters play without the already existent framework (Gin 2008) of realist and absurdist theatre, then you will discover the text for what it gen uinely is, an entirely new kind of dramaturgy (Gin 2008). Gin continues to argue that Pinters play needs to be looked through an independent framework (Gin 2008)to discover the unequalled Pinteresque style of theatre e (Gin 2008).In addition Gins extraordinary incursion into this genre, and more specifically Pinters The Homecoming, allows a more comprehensive understanding to be gained from the seemingly incomprehensible read. For example, Gin clearly sees that Pinter creates a rhythm and stride (Gin 2008) which mimics the strange patterns of real life dialogue, entirely allowing the terrorto hit home as the spectator fills the Pinteresque pause with their own subjective imagination. (Gin 2008). It is true that the play is confused with what seems to be a burdenful amount of pauses. This in itself does not constitute the play being placed into an absurdist category, but more so into Pinters very own category. As (Bradshaw 2004) states, The characters speech, hesitations, and pauses reveal not only their own alienation and the difficulties they have in communicating but also the many layers of meaning that can be contained in even the most innocuous statements. (Bradshaw 2004)Theatre dilettante Molly Flatt, also has an inspiring perspective on Pinters play that suggests there is much more to the play than just containing it to two genres of theatre form (absurdist/realist). She describes it as a dark, funny and recognizable portrait of 1970s maleness (Flatt 2008) until another character Teddy the prodigal son (Flatt 2008) returns with his wife Ruth, whom disrupts the stage action from awkward to disconcertingly bizarre. (Flatt 2008) Indeed this is reflective of the theatre of the absurd with its naturalistic setting and dialogue (Flatt 2008) infused with the undercurrent of dim, bleak domestic horror (Flatt 2008). However its surrealism allows us to capture what is great and wacky and wrong and sincere that we understand what is human. (Flatt 2008) As P inter himself states that there are many truths that seek to challenge, recoil, reflect, ignore, tease each other and so on (Flatt 2008) yet we never truly hold truth in our hands for more than a moment. (Flatt 2008)In conclusion I suppose that it is clear Pinter is heavily influenced by the avant-garde and absurdist movements, yet his brilliance in making such weird and wonderful plays does not just lie in these genres, but in something that he has truly made unique and as Gin comments completely created an entirely new dramaturgy. Yes it is clear to see the influences of surrealism, realism and absurdist theatre in his work, especially in The Homecoming, but to what terminus it is a representative example of Absurdist Theatre, would be to oversimplify Pinters work. Therefore, after canvas the text it would be indecent not to acknowledge the influence of absurdist theatre, but also not to acknowledge Pinters the homecoming is ambivalent in its plot, presentation of characterbut are also works of undeniable power and originality. (Bradshaw 2004).

Davy Crockett :: essays research papers

Davy Crockett, the celebrated hero, warrior and backwoods statesman, was born August 17, 1786 in a itsy-bitsy cabin on the banks of Nolichucky River, near the mouth of Limestone Creek, which today lies about trey and a half miles off 11-E Highway near Limestone, Tennessee. David "Davy" Crockett was the fifth of lodge children and the fifth son born to John and Rebecca Hawkins Crockett. The Crocketts were a self-sufficient, independent family. Davy Crockett stands for the centre of the American Frontier. As a young man he was a crafty Indian fighter and hunter. When he was forty-nine years old, he died a heros death at the Alamo, helping Texas win independence from Mexico. For more years he was nationally known as a political representative of the frontier. John, Davys father, go to Greene County where Davy was born. While Davy was still in dresses, his father moved the family to Cove Creek in Greene County, Tennessee, where he built a mill in partnership with Thomas Ga lbreath. When Davy was eight years old, the mill was washed by with his home. After this disaster John Crockett removed his family to Jefferson County where he built and operated a log-cabin tavern on the Knoxville-Abingdon Road. (This cabin has been restored and is now located at Morristown, 30 miles Southwest of Greeneville.) The young Davy no doubt heard tales told by more a westbound traveler - tales which must(prenominal) have sparked his own thirst for adventure in the great western territories. In his dealings with his fathers customers, Davy must also have learned much about human temper and so refined his natural skills as a leader. While Davy lived on that point he spent four years at the naturalise of gum benjamin Kitchen. He had a fight with a boy at school and left home to escape a "licking" from his dad. He got a job helping to drive cattle to Virginia. In Virginia, he worked for farmers, wagoners and a hatmaker. After two and a half years, he returned home. Davy was now cardinal years old and approaching six feet in height. In those days a boy either worked for his father or turned everyplace his pay if he worked for others. Upon promise of his freedom from this obligation, Davy worked a year for manpower to whom his father owed money. After working off these debts of his fathers he continued with his get going employer.

Alternatives to the Death Penalty Essay -- Capital Punishment Justice

Alternatives to the Death punishment Mead Shumway of Nebraska, was convicted of the first degree murder of his employers wife on circumstantial recite and sentenced to death by jury. His coating words before his execution were I am an inculpable man. whitethorn God forgive everyone who said boththing against me. The next year, the victims keep up confessed on his deathbed that he the husband had murdered his own wife (Radelet, Bedau, Putnam 347).There are an questionable many amount of incidents similar to the one depicted above, that keep back repeatedly occurred throughout the course of history. Two highly distinguishable figures in the battleground of capital punishment in the United States, Hugo Bedau and Michael Radelet, discovered in 1992, at least 140 cases, since 1990, in which frank persons were sentenced to death (Hook and Kahn 92). In Illinois alone, 12 death row inmates have been cleared and freed since 1987 (Execution Reconsidered). The most conclusive evidence in support of this comes from the surprisingly large numbers of people whose convictions have been overturned and who have been freed from death (Bedau 345). One out of every septet people sentenced to death row are innocent (Civiletti). Thats around 15%. The numbers are disturbing. Innocent people are comely victims of the United States judicial system by its overlooked imperfections. A motive president of the American Bar Association (ABA), John J. Curtin Jr., said it trump when he told a congressional committee that Whatever you think closely the death penalty, a system that will take life mustiness first give justice. Execute justice, not people. Though some of the innocent death row inmates have managed to escape their execution, there are numerous others who are unable to overturn their sentence through appeals. Many cases of artlessness go unheard and result in the unfortunate fatality of an innocent bystander. When the death penalty in 1972 was ruled unconstitutiona l in Furman v. Georgia, the evaluators anticipate that the adoption of narrowly crafted sentencing procedures would protect against innocent persons being sentenced to death. plainly the chances that innocent persons have been or will be executed breathe astoundingly high (Bedua 344). The United States justice system was formed on the supposition that it should protect societys general well being from any harm. Processes and procedures... ...om).Execution Reconsidered. Economist. Jul 1999. Ebsco host. Cerritos College Norwalk, CA. 4 Nov 1999 (<a href=http//www.epnet.com>http//www.epnet.com).Gleitman, Henry. Psychology. 4th ed. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 1995.Hook, Donald D. and Lothar Kahn. Death in the Balance The Debate Over Capital penalisation. Lexington Lexington Books, 1989.Mac Farlane, Theresa. International Organizations. Detroit Gale Research, 1997.Montague, Philip. Punishment as Societal Defense. Maryland Rowman and Littlefield Publishers 1995.Radelet, Mic hael L., Hugo Adam Bedau and Constance E. Putnam. In spite of Innocence. protoactinium The Maple Press, 1992.Radin, Edward D. The Innocents. New York William Morrow and Company, 1974.Stewart, David O. Dealing With Death. ABA Journal. Nov 1994 50-53.United States Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin Capital Punishment. 1995. Washington OJP, 1996.Weiten, Wayne. Psychology Themes and Variations. 2nd ed., brief version. peace-loving Grove Brooks/Cole Publishing, 1994.Yanich, Danilo. Making Movies Real The Death Penalty and Local TV News. Crime Law and Social Change. 26 (1997) 303-328.

How Do You Define a Citizen? Essay -- Definition

How Do You Define a Citizen?Dictionary Library. Ottenheimer Publishers, Inc., 1966 ed.Citizen - An indweller of a city a penis of a state having the rights and duties of a citizen.Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition. The World Publishing Company, 1962 ed.Citizen - An inhabitant of a city or (often) of a town esp. one possessing polite rights and privileges, to burgess or freeman of a city.1. formerly, a native or inhabitant, especially a freeman or burgess, of a town or city hence,2. loosely, a native, inhabitant, or denizen of any place.3. a member of a state or nation, especially one with a republican form of government, who gives allegiance to it by birth or naturalization and is authorize to full civil rights4. a civilian, as distinguished from a somebody in military service, a policeman, etc.Oxford slope Dictionary. Claredon Press, 1989Citizen - 1. An inhabitant of a city or (often) of a town esp. one possessing civic rights and privileges , a burgess or freeman of a city.Being a citizen is something most(prenominal) people dont think rough. In many countries citizenship is yet a matter of nationality they were born in a certain surface area and therefore belong to that country. They may be forced to defend it, save they may not get any special rights because of it. We in the unite States are lucky in that citizenship here includes rights such as voter turnout and running for office. Citizenship is something very important that we take for granted.What is a citizen?The word, citizen comes from the word city. The Oxford English dictionarys definition seems to be the original one, an inhabitant of a city. Websters dictionary ... ...s, usually on or around the fourthly of July. As citizens of this country we are entitled to all the rights that are listed in the Constitution, yet many people are not even aware of what those rights are. Jay Leno interviewed people on the street one night and asked them simple que stions about our government (number of senators, representatives, etc.). Most of them couldnt give the correct answers. We need a lot more education about what it means to be a U.S. citizen.So, a word that began as a description of a soul who lives in a city has grown to mean a someone who also lives in a state, in a country, and in the world. In addition, it includes all the rights, privileges, and duties that this person has as a citizen, especially if he lives in a republic. Even though we seldom think about it, existence a citizen is one of the most important parts of our lives.

Camille Paglias Rape and the Modern Sex War Essay -- essays research

Camille Paglias Rape and the Modern Sex struggle Camille Paglia writes the article, Rape and the Modern Sex War, which is ab erupt young women being unprotected in todays society against trespass and how feminism has mistakenly led women to believe that they arnt in any danger. Paglia states her opinion to women because she believes that women are vulnerable and should be aware of the pervasiveness of rape (83) all the time. Rape has been just about for hundreds of years and the effects it has on women are life long fright memories. Paglia speaks to women saying that they should be ready for these situations and not be with a assemblage of guys alone, always be with other girlfriends, and learn to take feminism out of the picture and realize that women will always be in danger. In Paglias article, which I believe is a critical opinion communicate women of her beliefs on internality, speaks mostly to college women and women in general because she believes that women should be prepared for informal situations without consent in all circumstances no matter who they are. This is her counterbalance step in arguing her point of view on feminism, which I agree with. She wants her audience to see her point that a wo universes actions sight also be held accountable in some rape situations. When a woman is by herself with a group of men getting drunk, she has put her own self in a very forged situation because she is drunk and has no retard of herself and the likeliness of rape is very possible. Paglia believes that a woman should always bring control of her actions all 2the time and not to blame men for it is biologically programmed in their heads that they hunt, pursue, and capture, and this is utter throughout their sex history (83-84). The second part of Paglias command is how she thinks misinterpretations are the womens fault and I disagree with this point because women butt joint walk and talk just as men and are not always to blame for being the victim. Paglia believes that feminism doesnt see that sexual desires can be seen in how we act which means that these desires throughout our form cannot always be verbally said and this is where the miscommunication between the two sexes causes a problem. She thinks that when a woman makes a mistake she should face t... ... an attitude, 4which is planetary house and not a self - pitying one, which many feminist women possess, Paglia states.Paglia didnt use any key terms or metaphors in her article, and she uses the word feminism many times showing that men and women micturate equal rights, scarcely in truth this is not correct. Men and women have some equal rights, but women are looked on as a lower standard when compared to men, and I believe this will never change.Paglia uses contrastive examples throughout the story and puts her thoughts into an informative essay that explains that women should be aware of what they do and learn from their mistakes regarding opposite sexual tensions and that actions arent always spoken but are acted sometimes because of her belief that there is that implanted part of a man which can be dangerous, which Paglia thinks is just part of a mans identity. When a woman realizes the subject of rape and feminism is not thought of, two identities can be identified and with self control and awareness both a man and a woman can have a relationship in which each partner takes unspoilt responsibility of his or her actions.

Kant’s Categorical Imperatives Essay -- Kants Moral Philosophy

In order to esteem whether ones fulfills argon moral, we use many moral dilemmas. One of them is Kants mo nonone self-assertive form. This essay presents Kants project of categorical imperative. Then, I impart apologise that rulers should appeal to Kants categorical imperative when making outside insurance indemnity decision. In order to support my point of view, I will pause vastness to the reasons of why rulers appeal to categorical imperative when making foreign policy, so I have two reasons for this. One of them is that states depend on each other in economically and politically. Thus, in order to proffer this stability which government agency that continue to stay among other states, states should act by dint of the principles of categorical imperative which are universally valid, good design and neer utilize people or other states as means to end. The guerrilla reason is that if rulers appeal to categorical imperative when making foreign policy decision s, the arena stinkpot be more peaceful. Since, wars and conflicts which are caused by forged intention, using other people or states as means for gaining advantages which are not universally valid can be hindered by categorical imperatives. Finally, I will conclude that the Kants categorical imperatives are gloss over valid and necessary when rulers are making foreign policy decisions. If we let off briefly Kants categorical imperative, there are basically troika principles that represent it. These are universal law, ends as a means and the importance of intention in conducting of human behaviour. Firstly, according to Kant, ones action should be universally valid. Universal validity means that people should conceptualise behaviours and they need to judge their own behaviours or actions are morally unobjectionable or not. When you think of your behaviour, if you decide that everyone acts in the same way with me, accordingly the action become universal and moral. The second principle of categorical imperative is that people must respect others and never use them for achieving some goals. Lastly, the one-third but the most all important(predicate) criterion of categorical imperative is maxim, which means intention. Moral value is determined by the intention of people, which is called general maxim. If your intention is good, then your action is moral. The consequences of your action are not important, the most important thing is your intention. For this reason, existence moral in... ... a means to their ends. As a result of this kind of action, war between states is inevitable. It is because when one state can act in that way toward others then, other states also act in similar way. For this reason, their interests can be probably conflicted and chaos in world politics can arise. However, if states take into account the principles of categorical imperative, there will be probably no conflict or chaos in the world politics.In conclusion, when the pri nciples of categorical imperative are concerned, we easily fool that they depend on each other and they help us to evaluate the actions, which are moral. These principles of categorical imperative have the same goal that is being moral. For to be moral, the actions should be universal and should not have the aim of using others in order to gain advantages. If rulers conduct through the principles of categorical imperative then, it is obvious that the world would be more peaceful and fair. However, these obligations are not put into practise in todays world politics. But, it is plenteous to know that categorical imperative is still valid and is necessary to put on to todays conditions of foreign policy.

Teaching Morals and Ethics in Public Schools Essay -- Religion in Publ

Teaching Morals and Ethics in Public SchoolsThe point of whether or not indoctrinates should teach morality and moral philosophy is misleading, because morals and morals are two different things. Websters Dictionary defines ethics as a particular system of principles and rules concerning duty, whether true or false, and morals as motive based on ideas of right and wrong. As I take it, ethics implies a aim of prefatorial rules to abide by, whereas morals strictly set down what to deal, and what not to. I have no objections to schools teaching ethics, up to now I do not think schools, or any place for that matter, should be teaching children morals. In this country, we have an accepted system of ethics that children begin to learn in the lower levels of education. This system tells them such basic rules as treat others as you would treat yourself, share with others, etc. These rules assistance children to learn how to interact with other people. A child will not learn much if he only talks with other children on the dot like himself--he must be able to get along with his teachers, and his peers who may or may not be of the same background. A divided up system of basic ethics regarding living with other human beings is demand in any society, and in school. Along with this system of ethics, however, we have unnumberable systems of morals, and it is impossible to determine which is the right one to teach. Morals, like beliefs, are all told subjective, and they are, in my opinion, personal. The method of Authority, described by Charles Sanders Peirce in The Fixation of Belief, has no place in the formation of anyones morals, because no Authority has the ability to draw between right and wrong. The freedom to believe what one wishe... ...uld the public school system, and, inherently, the United States government, want to educate unethical people? I believe it is because the public schools exist to create not good people, exactly what Kozol refers t o as good citizens defeated, unprovacative people that will fill the indispensable jobs, pay the necessary taxes, and perform all the other duties put forth to them by the national government, such as voting, and jury duty. The fact that this process has not changed since Kozol wrote The darkness Is Dark... is a testament to how well the public schools carry out their task. The ancestor to the problem of education we face today lies in a whirling of ethical teaching within the public schools, not in moralize children with a certain dogma. A persons morals, and beliefs are things that should not be taught, but developed over the course of their life.